HPT Histidine Phosphotransfer domain
SMART ACC:	SM000073
Description:	Contains an active histidine residue that mediates phosphotransfer reactions. Domain detected only in eubacteria. This alignment is an extension to that shown in the Cell structure paper.
InterPro ACC:	IPR008207
InterPro abstract:	Two-component signal transduction systems enable bacteria to sense, respond, and adapt to a wide range of environments, stressors, and growth conditions [ PUBMED:16176121 ]. Some bacteria can contain up to as many as 200 two-component systems that need tight regulation to prevent unwanted cross-talk [ expand Two-component signal transduction systems enable bacteria to sense, respond, and adapt to a wide range of environments, stressors, and growth conditions [ PUBMED:16176121 ]. Some bacteria can contain up to as many as 200 two-component systems that need tight regulation to prevent unwanted cross-talk [ PUBMED:18076326 ]. These pathways have been adapted to response to a wide variety of stimuli, including nutrients, cellular redox state, changes in osmolarity, quorum signals, antibiotics, and more [ PUBMED:12372152 ]. Two-component systems are comprised of a sensor histidine kinase (HK) and its cognate response regulator (RR) [ PUBMED:10966457 ]. The HK catalyses its own auto-phosphorylation followed by the transfer of the phosphoryl group to the receiver domain on RR; phosphorylation of the RR usually activates an attached output domain, which can then effect changes in cellular physiology, often by regulating gene expression. Some HK are bifunctional, catalysing both the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of their cognate RR. The input stimuli can regulate either the kinase or phosphatase activity of the bifunctional HK. A variant of the two-component system is the phospho-relay system. Here a hybrid HK auto-phosphorylates and then transfers the phosphoryl group to an internal receiver domain, rather than to a separate RR protein. The phosphoryl group is then shuttled to histidine phosphotransferase (HPT) and subsequently to a terminal RR, which can evoke the desired response [ PUBMED:11934609 PUBMED:11489844 ]. Signal transducing histidine kinases are the key elements in two-component signal transduction systems, which control complex processes such as the initiation of development in microorganisms [ PUBMED:8868347 PUBMED:11406410 ]. Examples of histidine kinases are EnvZ, which plays a central role in osmoregulation [ PUBMED:10426948 ], and CheA, which plays a central role in the chemotaxis system [ PUBMED:9989504 ]. Histidine kinases usually have an N-terminal ligand-binding domain and a C-terminal kinase domain, but other domains may also be present. The kinase domain is responsible for the autophosphorylation of the histidine with ATP, the phosphotransfer from the kinase to an aspartate of the response regulator, and (with bifunctional enzymes) the phosphotransfer from aspartyl phosphate back to ADP or to water [ PUBMED:11145881 ]. The kinase core has a unique fold, distinct from that of the Ser/Thr/Tyr kinase superfamily. This entry represents a domain present at the N terminus in proteins which undergo autophosphorylation. The group includes, the gliding motility regulatory protein from Myxococcus xanthus and a number of bacterial chemotaxis proteins. collapse
GO process:	phosphorelay signal transduction system (GO:0000160)
Family alignment:	View the Family alignment or the Alignment consensus sequence
There are 62 289 HPT domains in 54 933 proteins in SMART's NRDB database.

Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing HPT domains

The tree below includes only several representative species and genera. The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins containing HPT domains can be accessed here. Click the counts or percentage values to display the corresponding proteins.

Relevant references for this domain

Primary literature for the HPT domain is listed below. Automatically-derived, secondary literature is also available.

KEGG pathways involving proteins which contain this domain

This information is based on the mapping of SMART genomic protein database to KEGG orthologous groups. Percentages are related to the number of proteins containing a HPT domain which could be assigned to a KEGG orthologous group, and not all proteins containing HPT domains. Please note that proteins can be included in multiple pathways, ie. the numbers below will not add to 100%.

KEGG pathways

Some of these pathways are included in the interactive Pathways Explorer overview maps. Select an overview map and click the button below to highlight them in iPath.

KEGG orthologous groups

Some of these KOs are included in the interactive Pathways Explorer overview maps. Select an overview map and click the button below to highlight them in iPath.

3D structures in PDB containing this domain

Links to other resources describing this domain

InterPro	IPR008207