SR

Scavenger receptor Cys-rich

• SMART accession number: SM00202
• Description: The sea ucrhin egg peptide speract contains 4 repeats of SR domains that contain 6 conserved cysteines. May bind bacterial antigens in the protein MARCO.
• Interpro abstract (IPR017448):

  The egg peptide speract receptor is a transmembrane glycoprotein [(PUBMED:8140623)]. Other members of this family include the macrophage scavenger receptor type I (a membrane glycoprotein implicated in the pathologic deposition of cholesterol in arterial walls during artherogenesis), an enteropeptidase and T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 (may act as a receptor in regulating T-cell proliferation).

• GO component: membrane (GO:0016020)
• GO function: scavenger receptor activity (GO:0005044)

There are 5567 SR domains in 1756 proteins in SMART's nrdb database.

Literature (relevant references for this domain)

Primary literature is listed below; Automatically-derived, secondary literature is also avaliable.

• Elomaa O et al.
• Cloning of a novel bacteria-binding receptor structurally related to scavenger receptors and expressed in a subset of macrophages.
• Cell. 1995; 80: 603-9

A novel murine plasma membrane protein has been identified in subpopulations of macrophages. It has an intracellular N-terminal domain, a transmembrane domain, and an extracellular region with a short spacer, an 89 Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeat-containing collagenous domain, and a C-terminal cysteine-rich domain. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining have localized the protein to a subset of macrophages in the marginal zone of the spleen and the medullary cord of lymph nodes. No expression was observed in macrophages of liver or lung. Transfected COS cells synthesized a native trimeric plasma membrane protein that bound labeled bacteria and acetylated LDL, but not yeast or Ficoll. The results suggest that the novel protein is a macrophage-specific membrane receptor with a role in host defense, as it shows postnatal expression in macrophages, which are considered responsible for the binding of bacterial antigens and phagocytosis.

• Freeman MW
• Macrophage scavenger receptors.
• Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994; 5: 143-8

Macrophage scavenger receptors are integral membrane proteins whose ability to bind and degrade modified LDL has implicated them in the process of atherosclerotic foam cell formation. Their ability to bind non-lipoprotein ligands suggests that they participate in other macrophage-associated host defense activities. Studies utilizing cloned native and mutant forms of the scavenger receptor have provided insights into the structural basis for their function.

• Aruffo A, Melnick MB, Linsley PS, Seed B
• The lymphocyte glycoprotein CD6 contains a repeated domain structure characteristic of a new family of cell surface and secreted proteins.
• J Exp Med. 1991; 174: 949-52

The isolation, characterization, and expression of a full-length cDNA encoding the human T cell glycoprotein CD6 is described. COS cells transfected with the CD6 clone express a 90-kD protein that reacts with all available anti-CD6 monoclonal antibodies. RNA blot hybridization analysis indicates that CD6 transcripts are predominantly restricted to cells in the T lineage. The predicted CD6 sequence is 468 amino acids long, with the typical features of a type I integral membrane protein. The cytoplasmic domain of CD6 contains two serine residues, one or both of which are substrates for phosphorylation during T cell activation. The extracellular domain of CD6 is significantly related to the extracellular domain of the human and mouse T cell antigen CD5, the cysteine-rich domain of the bovine and mouse type I macrophage scavenger receptor, the extracellular domain of the sea urchin spermatozoa protein that crosslinks the egg peptide speract, the mammalian complement factor 1, and the human lung tumor antigen L3. These molecules, therefore, constitute a new gene superfamily that is well conserved across species boundaries.

• Freeman M et al.
• An ancient, highly conserved family of cysteine-rich protein domains revealed by cloning type I and type II murine macrophage scavenger receptors.
• Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 87: 8810-4

Scavenger receptors have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and other macrophage-associated functions. The bovine type I and type II scavenger receptors are multidomain transmembrane proteins that differ only by the presence in the type I receptor of an additional, extracellular cysteine-rich C-terminal domain. The isolation of type I and type II receptor cDNAs from a murine macrophage cell line, P388D1, establishes the presence of mRNAs encoding both receptor types in a single cell. Their sequences are highly similar to the bovine cDNAs. Receptor type-specific cDNA probes map to a common locus on murine chromosomes 8, suggesting that a single gene encodes both mRNAs. The type I-specific scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain helps define a previously unrecognized family of remarkably well-conserved domains. Highly homologous SRCR domains (one, three, or four per polypeptide chain) are found in diverse secreted and cell-surface proteins from humans (e.g., CD5, complement factor I), mice (Ly-1), and sea urchins (speract receptor).

• Dangott LJ, Jordan JE, Bellet RA, Garbers DL
• Cloning of the mRNA for the protein that crosslinks to the egg peptide speract.
• Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989; 86: 2128-32

An apparent receptor for the egg peptide speract (Gly-Phe-Asp-Leu-Asn-Gly-Gly-Gly-Val-Gly) was identified by covalently coupling a radiolabeled speract analogue to intact spermatozoa and was then purified by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis after solubilization with Lubrol PX. The purified, crosslinked protein was digested with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and a resultant peptide, purified from polyacrylamide slab gel slices, was shown to have the amino acid sequence Val-Ser-Ala-Pro-Phe-Asp-Leu-Glu-Ala-Pro-Phe-Ile-Ile-Asp-Gly-Ile. Polyclonal antiserum, generated against a synthetic peptide that corresponded to the above sequence, immunoprecipitated the radiolabeled crosslinked protein and reacted with a Mr 77,000 protein on immunoblots, demonstrating that the sequenced peptide originated from the apparent receptor. A clone containing a 2.5-kilobase insert was subsequently isolated from a sea urchin testis cDNA library that contained DNA sequences encoding an open reading frame of 532 amino acids that included the above peptide sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence suggests that the protein contains a 26-residue amino-terminal signal peptide, a large extracellular domain relatively rich in cysteine (5%) that includes a four-fold repeat of about 115 amino acids, a single membrane-spanning region, and only 12 amino acid residues extending into the cytoplasm. Analysis of total RNA from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus testis by Northern blot revealed a 2.5-kilobase RNA. Preliminary data show the presence of hybridizing RNA of the same apparent size in other sea urchin species, including Arbacia punctulata, which does not respond to speract.

Metabolism (metabolic pathways involving proteins which contain this domain)

% proteins involved	KEGG pathway ID	Description
34.78	map04640	Hematopoietic cell lineage
34.78	map04610	Complement and coagulation cascades
26.09	map04514	Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
4.35	map04080	Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction

This information is based on mapping of SMART genomic protein database to KEGG orthologous groups. Percentage points are related to the number of proteins with SR domain which could be assigned to a KEGG orthologous group, and not all proteins containing SR domain. Please note that proteins can be included in multiple pathways, ie. the numbers above will not always add up to 100%.

Structure (3D structures containing this domain)

3D Structures of SR domains in PDB

PDB code	Title
1by2	Structure of m2bp scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain
1o5e	Dissecting and designing inhibitor selectivity determinants at the s1 site using an artificial ala190 protease (ala190 upa)
1o5f	Dissecting and designing inhibitor selectivity determinants at the s1 site using an artificial ala190 protease (ala190 upa)
1p57	Extracellular domain of human hepsin
1z8g	Crystal structure of the extracellular region of the transmembrane serine protease hepsin with covalently bound preferred substrate.
2ja4	Crystal structure of cd5 domain iii reveals the fold of a group b scavenger cysteine-rich receptor
2jop	Solution structure of the n-terminal extracellular domain of the lymphocyte receptor cd5 (cd5 domain 1)
2jp0	Solution structure of the n-terminal extraceullular domain of the lymphocyte receptor cd5 calculated using inferential structure determination (isd)
2ott	Crystal structure of cd5_diii
2oy3	Crystal structure analysis of the monomeric srcr domain of mouse marco
2oya	Crystal structure analysis of the dimeric form of the srcr domain of mouse marco

Links (links to other resources describing this domain)

• BLOCKS: SPERACT_RECEPTOR
• INTERPRO: IPR017448
• PROSITE: SR_DOMAIN